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- 5
- AMS Models
-
- The Apollo Mission Simulator models manned Lunar exploration. It postulates a
- Lunar Orbiting Laboratory in a low equatorial orbit about the Moon and a
- reusable Ascent Stage/expendable Descent Stage Lunar Module. Many of the
- models used in the Apollo Mission Simulator are described in this document.
- Topics include:
-
- Moon Model
- Pilot Model
- Lunar Orbiting Laboratory Model
- Lunar Module Model
- Portable Life Support System Model
- Lunar Rover Model
- Moon Model
-
- The Moon is modeled as a perfect sphere with a 90° NORTH
- radius of 1738.3 km. The gravitational field ............... ┌────┐
- is a simple inverse square law with a ...: s | :... │MOON│
- surface acceleration of 1.624 m/s². .: u | :.└────┘
- Latitude and longitude reference points .: b | :.
- are defined in the figure to the .: E | :
- right. The Lunar solar rotation : A | :
- period is 29.53 days. : R | :
- : T | :
- The modeled surface has constant : H | equator :
- altitude but is covered with -90°:------------------+- 0° -------------: 90°
- many features such as craters, WEST: m | :EAST
- mountains, and rilles. LM : e 0° :
- landing safety factors are reduced : r | :
- in rugged lurrain. Movement on the : i | :
- Lunar surface is more difficult as : d | :
- well. The value of samples collected :. i | .: view
- during EVA increases in proportion to the :. a | .: from
- ruggedness of the lurrain. :... n | ...: EARTH
- :.............:
- -90° SOUTH
- Moon Model (continued)
-
- A list of lurrain features is given below in increasing order of ruggedness.
- Manmade objects and special targets are assigned other symbols listed in the
- "LUNARMAP" document. These objects, visible only on Level 2 maps, are
- hazardous in landing or during movement but valuable to visit and sample. The
- dark side of the Moon is indicated by a field of "▓" symbols.
-
- SYMBOL RUGGEDNESS MEANING
- ------ ---------- ----------------------------------------------------------
- " " 1.0 Featureless
- ∙ 1.1 Smooth, rocky
- ° 1.2 Small, subdued crater
- + 1.3 Moderate, rocky
- * 1.4 Rugged, rocky
- o 1.5 Medium crater
- ≈ 1.7 Rolling hills
- O 1.8 Large crater
- \ 2.2 Rille
- / 2.5 Rille
- ∩ 2.9 Mountainous
- U 3.3 Valley
- # 5.0 Major rille
- Pilot Model
-
- Parameters included in the AMS for modeling the Pilot are location,
- environment, equilibrium, efficiency, metabolic rate, and injury.
-
- Location/Environment: The Pilot may be located in the LOL, LM, or LRV, or on
- the Lunar surface (EVA). Environments are shirtsleeves, spacesuit, and PLSS.
- A comfort factor is calculated, based on location, environment, and injury, to
- determine how rapidly the Pilot equilibrium factor decreases.
-
- Equilibrium: The equilibrium factor is the limit of Pilot efficiency after an
- extended period of idleness. It decreases with time depending on location,
- environment, and injury, and is substantially restored after a rest/meal
- period ("REST" command). It also varies with time-of-day, reaching a maximum
- around UT 15:00 (3:00pm) and a minimum around UT 03:00 (3:00am). This
- parameter is not displayed.
-
- Efficiency: The efficiency parameter determines what fraction of keyboard
- commands are executed correctly. Pilot efficiency approaches the equilibrium
- factor when no activity is taking place and the Pilot metabolism approaches
- 30%. Avoid efficiencies of less than 60%.
- Pilot Model (continued)
-
- Metabolic Rate: The Pilot metabolic rate is a measure of short-term strenuous
- activity. It is affected by keyboard commands and activities such as
- movement, sample collection, etc. Avoid metabolic rates over 60%.
-
- Injury: Injury to the Pilot may occur during landing, docking, or movement
- on the Lunar surface, or due to lack of oxygen or battery supply. The injury
- parameter also increases slowly while the Pilot is awake. Injuries affect
- the rate at which the Pilot equilibrium factor decreases and are substantially
- restored after a sleep period ("SLEEP" command).
- Lunar Orbiting Laboratory Model
-
- The Lunar Orbiting Laboratory is 30m in
- diameter and is in a 100 km circular NORTH ┌───┐ DOCKING PORT
- orbit about the Lunar equator. Body │ ┌──┬─┴───┴─┬──┐
- axes are defined as Face (pointing ╔╤╤╤╤╤╤╤╤╤╤╗ │··│· · · ·│··│ ╔╤╤╤╤╤╤╤╤╤╤╗
- north), Left (pointing toward the ╟┼┼┼┼┼┼┼┼┼┼╢ │··│· · · ·│··│ ╟┼┼┼┼┼┼┼┼┼┼╢
- Earth), and Up. The LOL has a ╟┼┼┼┼┼┼┼┼┼┼╫─┤··│· · · ·│··├─╢┼┼┼┼┼┼┼┼┼┼╫
- docking port on the north side. ╟┼┼┼┼┼┼┼┼┼┼╢ │··│· · · ·│··│ ╟┼┼┼┼┼┼┼┼┼┼╢
- ╚╧╧╧╧╧╧╧╧╧╧╝ │··│· · · ·│··│ ╚╧╧╧╧╧╧╧╧╧╧╝
- The position and velocity of the LOL are known └──┴───┬───┴──┘ view from
- with high accuracy. The LOL has a tracking system ┌─┴─┐ SUN
- that can be used to determine the relative │═╬═│
- position of the LM. └───┘
- SUN ┌─────────┐
- The LOL may be damaged during docking. │ ┌─┘· · · · ·└─┐
- If damage is too great, docking may not │· · ┌───┐ · ·│
- be possible. To avoid damage, ════════════─┤· · │ + │ · ·├─════════════
- approach the LOL with caution. Do not │· · └───┘ · ·│ view from
- ignite LM main engines within 2 km of the LOL and └─┐· · · · ·┌─┘ NORTH
- set the RCS throttle to "LOW" when within 100 m. └─────────┘
- Avoid thrusting directly away from the LOL within 50 m except in an emergency.
- Lunar Module Model
-
- The AMS Lunar Module is modeled after DOCKING╔═══════╗ ASCENT
- those used during the last three PORT║│·│·│·│║ │ UP STAGE
- Apollo Lunar exploration ╔══════════╩╤═════╤╩══════════╗
- missions. Major components ╔═╝ · · · · │· · ·│ · · · · · ╚═╗ RCS
- are the Ascent Stage, the ┌─┴─╢ · ╔═════╗ · │· · ·│ · ╔═════╗ · ╟─┴─┐ QUAD
- Descent Stage, the Reaction ┤ O ║ · ║ ║ · │· · ·│ · ║ ║ · ║ O ├
- Control System, the Guidance └───╢ · ╚══╧══╝ · │· · ·│ · ╚══╧══╝ · ╟───┘
- System, and the Consumables. ║ · · · · │· · ·│ · · · · · ║ LEFT
- Several features have been added ╟────────┬────┴─────┴────┬────────╢ ───
- or enhanced to improve safety ┌───╢::::::::│· · ┌─────┐ EVA│::::::::╟───┐
- margins, allow a greater ┤ O ║::::::::│ · ·│ └─┘ │EXIT│::::::::║ O ├
- variety of targets, and └─┬─╢::::::::│· · └─────┘ · ·│::::::::╟─┬─┘
- ease the task of docking. ╠════════╧═══════╤═══════╧════════╣
- Propellant supplies and thrusts ║ · · · · · · ·├─┼─┤· · · · · · · ║
- have been increased by 10%. /┼║ · · · · · · ·├─┼─┤· · · · · · · ║┼\
- Extra RCS thruster quads have /┼┼┼║ · · · · · · ·├─┼─┤· · · · · · · ║┼┼┼\
- been added to allow the LM /┼┼┼┼╢ · · · · · · ·├─┼─┤· · · · · · · ║┼┼┼┼\
- to move in any direction. /┼┼┼┼┼╢ · · · · · · ·├─┼─┤· · · · · · · ║┼┼┼┼┼\
- The original could only /┼┼┼/ ╚══════════════╪═╧═╪══════════════╝ \┼┼┼\
- apply thrust up or down. /┼┼┼/ ├───┤ DESCENT \┼┼┼\
- ═╧════╧═ ═╧═════╧═ STAGE ═╧════╧═
- Lunar Module Model (continued)
-
- Ascent Stage: The Ascent Stage carries the Pilot to the Lunar surface and
- back to the LOL. It stands 3.8 m tall, has a dry mass of 2234 kg, and carries
- 2615 kg of propellant. The Ascent Engine has a thrust of 16,890 nt and uses
- propellant at a rate of 5 kg/s.
-
- Descent Stage: The Descent Stage carries the bulk of the supplies required to
- carry out a Lunar exploration mission. It is 3.3 m tall, has a dry mass of
- 2346 kg, and carries 9720 kg of propellant. The Descent Engine can be
- throttled between 10% and 100% of its rated force. It has a thrust of 49,215
- nt and uses propellant at a rate of 15 kg/s at full throttle. The Descent
- Stage remains on the Lunar surface after liftoff.
-
- Reaction Control System: The RCS consists of eight modules of three thrusters
- each (quads) and is used to orient the LM and provide small changes in
- velocity. "PITCH", "ROLL", and "YAW" commands cause short bursts that change
- the spin of the LM by 1°/s. "FORWARD/BACK", "LEFT/RIGHT", and "UP/DOWN"
- commands turn on sets of thrusters to make small velocity changes. The
- translation thrusters have three throttle settings -- "LOW" (1%), "MEDIUM"
- (10%), and "HIGH" (100%). The RCS has a thrust of 1970 nt and uses 0.5 kg/s
- at full throttle. Total propellant is 316 kg at undocking.
- Lunar Module Model (continued)
-
- Guidance System: The AMS Lunar Module has an Inertial Guidance System that
- provides estimates of position, velocity, and acceleration. Orbital
- parameters may also be displayed. Major components of the guidance system
- are the accelerometers, DSN and LOL transponders, and the Landing Radar.
-
- Accelerometers are used to measure the acceleration of the LM during main
- engine and RCS burns.
-
- The DSN transponder, when activated, provides the INS with a rough measurement
- of the position of the LM. It is used when the LOL transponder and Landing
- Radar are not capable of providing updates.
-
- The LOL transponder/Docking Radar, when activated, provides the INS with an
- accurate measurement of the LM position. It has a maximum range (from the
- LOL) of 100 km. Docking is not possible unless the LOL transponder is ON.
-
- The Landing Radar, when activated, provides the INS with accurate measurements
- of altitude and velocity. It has a maximum altitude of 18 km. It is located
- behind the Pilot, so the LM Face body axis must be pointing within 95° of the
- local vertical to lock onto a signal. The signal is lost if the LM Face body
- axis points down more than 120°.
- Lunar Module Model (continued)
-
- Consumables: The AMS Lunar Module is designed to provide sufficient oxygen
- and battery power for a 120hr mission. A 50% margin (surplus) of battery
- power and a 100% margin of oxygen is added for emergency use. Damage to the
- LM increases oxygen and battery consumption rates. Damage may occur during
- docking or landing. If the LM becomes damaged, additional damage can occur,
- especially during main engine burns. The Ascent Stage carries 10 hr of the
- 120hr supply.
- Portable Life Support System Model
-
- The Portable Life Support System allows the Pilot to move about on the Lunar
- surface. The LM has four oxygen/battery packs used to replenish the PLSS
- supply. Each pack contains oxygen and battery power to support an 8-10hr EVA
- with plenty of margin. PLSS packs are designed to last 10 hr with 100% margin
- provided in oxygen supply and 50% margin in battery power. Damage to the
- spacesuit or PLSS increases consumable depletion rates as does a high Pilot
- metabolic rate. Injury and rugged lurrain reduce the speed at which the Pilot
- can move about on the Lunar surface. Damage can occur during landing,
- docking, or movement about on the Lunar surface. To avoid damage, move slowly
- over rugged lurrain. The PLSS has no reverse but can be turned in place.
- Lunar Rover Model
-
- The Lunar Rover allows the ┌┬┬┬┬┬┬┬┬┬┬┬┐ ┌┬┬┬┬┬┬┬┬┬┬┬┐
- Pilot to move about more │ │ PILOT │ │
- quickly and easily than on └┴┴┴┴┴┼┴┴┴┴┴┘ SEAT └┴┴┴┴┴┼┴┴┴┴┴┘
- foot. It has a range of ╔╧══════════════════════════════════╧╗
- 200 km and a maximum speed ║ ┌────────┬──┐ ┌──┬──┐║
- of 6 m/s over smooth FACE ║ ├────────┼──┤ ├──┼──┤║ LRV
- lurrain. Damage and ─── ║ ├────────┼──┤ ├──┼──┤║SAMPLE
- rugged lurrain make the ║ ├────────┼──┤ ├──┼──┤║ BOX
- LRV run less efficiently. ║ └────────┴──┘ └──┴──┘║
- Damage may occur during ╚╤══════════════════════════════════╤╝
- landing, docking, or ┌┬┬┬┬┬┼┬┬┬┬┬┐ │ ┌┬┬┬┬┬┼┬┬┬┬┬┐
- movement about on the │ │ LEFT │ │
- Lunar surface. To avoid └┴┴┴┴┴┴┴┴┴┴┴┘ └┴┴┴┴┴┴┴┴┴┴┴┘
- damage, move slowly over rugged lurrain. Avoid very rugged areas and manmade
- objects. The LRV has no reverse but can be turned in place. The LRV has
- a box for storing Lunar samples that can hold up to 30 kg. Eight sample boxes
- are carried on the LM.
-
-